Hadrian's Wall child murder: estimated time of death pre-367AD

Gaul legionnaires seen as main suspects after skeleton of girl is found buried under Roman barracks at Vindolanda

The murderous reputation of one of Britain's best-known Roman towns has been raised by the discovery of a child's hastily buried skeleton under a barrack room floor.

Archaeologists at Vindolanda fort near Hadrian's Wall are preparing for a repeat of a celebrated coroner's inquest in the 1930s that concluded two other corpses unearthed near the site were "victims of murder by persons unknown shortly before 367AD".

The latest discovery at the frontier settlement in Northumberland is thought to be the remains of a girl aged between eight and 10 who may have been tied up before she died.

Her burial place is reckoned to be almost certain evidence of a crime, according to specialists at the Vindolanda Trust, which has made thousands of finds at the town and its associated fort since the 1920s.

Human burials were strictly forbidden within built-up areas in Roman times, and Vindolanda followed regulations requiring cemeteries to be laid out on the settlement's outskirts. The bones, initially thought to have been those of a large dog, were in a shallow pit dug in a corner of the garrison's living quarters at the heart of the fort.

Patricia Birley, director of the Vindolanda Trust, said: "This definitely looks like a case of foul play. It has been very sad to find a child in this shallow grave under the barrack floor.

"It would have been very difficult to get a body out of the barracks, through the wider fort and out of the gate, but we may never know if the burial took place with or without the collusion of the men who shared the barracks."

The skeleton was identified by Dr Trudy Buck, a biological anthropologist at Durham university, who will now carry out a full autopsy in the hope of establishing a cause of death. This was relatively easy in the 1930s case, when one of the two skeletons found hidden under the floor of a civilian home in Vindolanda's sister-fort of Housesteads had a knife blade slotted between its ribs.

Punishment for any child murder at Vindolanda is obviously impossible, but the guilty party could conceivably be traced in due course. The trust's excavations have produced the earliest and best-preserved written records from the Roman empire, and the unit stationed in the fort at the suspected time of the death – the mid-third century AD – is known to have been the Fourth Cohort of Gauls.
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References:

Wainwright, Martin. 2010. "Hadrian's Wall child murder: estimated time of death pre-367AD". Guardian. Posted: September 15, 2010. Available online: http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2010/sep/15/roman-child-murder-vindolanda?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter

Mercyhurst continues burned bone research with mock fire event near Philly

The Applied Forensic Sciences Department at Mercyhurst College continues its landmark research into the recovery and interpretation of burned human remains from fatal fire scenes with a mock fire and excavation in Montgomery County, Pa., this weekend.

Representatives of the department were on site last week when area fire officials conducted a controlled burn of a modular home at the Hickory Park Campgrounds, 2140 Big Road, Gilbertsville, Pa. Before the structure was set ablaze, the Mercyhurst advance team had planted evidence, such as knives, shell casings and culled pig cadavers (to simulate human fire victims). Some of the pigs' bones were marked with knife and saw blades.

The team's charge Saturday will be to sift through the charred rubble to retrieve evidence, while testing and documenting the most effective methodologies for optimal scene recovery and subsequent laboratory analysis. The project is one of three Mercyhurst forensic research initiatives for which the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) allocated nearly $1 million in 2008.

The Mercyhurst team, which includes department chair Dr. Dennis Dirkmaat and Dr. Steven Symes, Pennsylvania's only board-certified forensic anthropologists; and alumnus Greg Olson, a fire investigator from Canada; will lecture Friday to nearly 35 members of the Pennsylvania Association of Arson Investigators (PAAI) as part of their visit downstate. The audience includes fire investigators from Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware, coroners and a representative of the Montgomery County District Attorney's staff, according to PAAI training coordinator Brent Frain.

Frain said his group will also observe the excavation on Saturday, which is expected to begin at 8 a.m. and continue throughout the afternoon. Assisting Mercyhurst faculty in the research effort will be 13 graduate students and five undergraduates from Mercyhurst's forensic anthropology program.

Recovering burned human remains and analyzing them for evidence of trauma is a daunting forensic task, but one that is crucial to determining whether a fatal fire scene is consistent with an accident, a suicide, or, as all too commonly happens, a cover-up for murder, Dirkmaat explained.

Victim remains at fatal fire scenes are typically difficult to detect, recover and handle, he said. Bones, in particular, become discolored, brittle and fragmented. So, the remains are often missed, disturbed or even destroyed during scene processing with the existing protocols.

If you take the time to carefully expose the evidence using strict archaeological recovery methods, there is a great deal of information that can be gathered," Dirkmaat said.

In an effort to strengthen those protocols, particularly in assessing the remains for trauma of forensic significance, the Mercyhurst team has already collaborated with fire authorities in Erie, Pittsburgh, and in Canada on four other controlled burns.

The NIJ is expected to use the research to develop standards for investigating devastating fires involving human remains. Such standards don't currently exist, Dirkmaat said.

"This is a great opportunity for us to participate in important research and be able to ultimately put it to work in the field," Frain said.
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References:

EurekAlert. 2010. "Mercyhurst continues burned bone research with mock fire event near Philly". EurekAlert. Posted: March 26, 2010. Available online: ttp://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-03/mc-mcb032610.php