The artifacts show that people of the era had already mastered an "advanced beer brewing technique" that contained elements from East and West, according to a study in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a peer-reviewed US journal.
Yellowish residue gleaned from pottery funnels and wide-mouthed pots show traces of ingredients that had been fermented together—broomcorn millet, barley, a chewy grain known as Job's tears, and tubers.
"The discovery of barley is a surprise," lead author Jiajing Wang of Stanford University told AFP, saying it is the earliest known sign of barley in archeological materials from China.
"This beer recipe indicates a mix of Chinese and Western traditions—barley from the West; millet, Job's tears and tubers from China."
The discovery indicates that barley made its way to China some 1,000 years earlier than previously believed.
Barley "may have been used as a beer-making ingredient long before it became an agricultural staple," the study said.
The archaeological site at Mijiaya, near a tributary of the Wei River in northern China, includes two pits dating to around 3,400-2,900 BC.
It contains artifacts that point to beer brewing, filtration and underground storage, as well as stoves that may have been used to heat and mash grains.
However, it is impossible to know exactly how the beer tasted, researchers said, because they do not know the ingredients' exact proportion.
"My guess is that the beer might have tasted a bit sour and a bit sweet," Wang said.
"Sour comes from fermented cereal grains, sweet from tubers."
Elite drink
Evidence of beer brewing has been found around the same time period in Iran and Egypt, experts say.
"The introduction of Middle Eastern barley into a Chinese drink fits with the special role of fermented beverages in social interactions and as an exotic ingredient which would appeal to emerging elite individuals," said Patrick McGovern, an expert on biomolecular archeology at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology.
McGovern, who was not involved in the study, agreed the techniques used for brewing in China were advanced, and that "ancient peoples, including those at Mijiaya, applied the same principles and techniques as brewers do today."
They knew to use heat to break down carbohydrates, and the underground location of the brew site "is very significant," he added.
"A cool spot is important in controlling heat, which if it gets too high can destroy the enzymes responsible for the carbohydrate to sugar conversion," he said.
Lower temperatures would also have been important for keeping the beverage cool in storage.
Modern beer-makers such as Dogfish Head Brewery have tried to recreate some drinks from the past, and McGovern suggested offerings for any who might like to experience a flavor similar to the 5,000-year-old brew concocted in northern China.
"I would look to a variation on several of the Dogfish ancient ales," he said. "Maybe overlapping between Ta Henket, which includes barley and some exotic herbs and fruits, and Chateau Jiahu, representing an earlier phase of ancient Chinese brewing."
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Reference:
Phys.org. 2016. “Ancient Chinese pottery reveals 5,000-yr-old beer brew (Update)”. Phys.org. Posted: May 23, 2016. Available online: http://phys.org/news/2016-05-ancient-chinese-pottery-reveals-yr-old.html
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